Why does quantum mechanics work so well for microscopic objects, yet macroscopic objects are described by ‘classical physics’? This question has bothered physicists since the development of quantum theory more than a 100 years ago. Researchers of Delft University of Technology and the University of Vienna have now devised a macroscopic system that exhibits entanglement between mechanical phonons and optical photons. They tested the entanglement using a Bell test, one of the most convincing and important tests to show a system behaves non-classically.

Ever since its inception more than 100 years ago, physicists realized that quantum theory might be in conflict with some of the basic axioms of classical physics. In particular, the principles in question are if information can be exchanged faster than the speed of light (called ‘locality’), and whether physical quantities exist regardless of whether they are observed or not (called ‘realism’). Albert Einstein once famously asked Abraham Pais, his biographer, if he really thought the moon only existed when he looked at it.

A heated debate between Einstein and Niels Bohr on this conflict of axioms in the 1930s started decades long research on the correlations between quantum systems. This phenomenon, called quantum entanglement, quickly crystalized to be one of the key predictions of quantum mechanics. Work by John Bell in the 1960s opened up a route to experimentally test these principles (now generally called Bell tests), which added new and exciting results to the debate. Most quantum experiments performed to date, however, deal with either one or a relatively small number of particles.

Quantum correlations

A team of scientists led by Prof. Simon Gröblacher from Delft University of Technology have now entered a completely new scale of quantum measurements. They created a device that yielded correlations between the vibrational motion of silicon optomechanical oscillators, comprising approximately 10 billion atoms, and optical modes. The devices were cooled to their motional groundstates inside a dilution refrigerator and were then probed with different laser pulses. For specific laser frequencies, the light is able to interact with the devices, either exciting the motion in a controlled fashion or reading out its state. Whenever this happens, correlations arise between the scattered light and the devices that make it possible to perfectly predict the behaviour of one of them by the other.

In order to test whether the correlations in their system were in fact quantum mechanics at work, and not classical physics, they performed a Bell test. The two particles were essentially presented with a choice: the experiment was devised in such a way that they could each be registered in one of two detectors. Both outcomes were equally likely by design, which made it impossible to predict the result for photons or phonons individually. However, due to the correlations between the two, the phonons could be made to always give a corresponding measurement result to the photons. In about 80% of the cases, they were indeed found to behave that way, which is well above the classical Bell threshold of about 70%.

Thorough test

The real Bell test was to tweak certain experimental parameters that affect the two particles in different ways and see when this dependence breaks down. Quantum-mechanically, the two can maintain correlated measurement outcomes for much longer than what is classically allowed. “This is the most thorough tests of a massive device behaving quantum mechanically yet performed.” said Prof. Gröblacher.

These results imply that quantum mechanics extends up to the macroscopic domain. Moreover, the device the researchers fabricated can be enlarged and improved upon. Gröblacher: “As our experimental protocol is independent of the size of the oscillator, these results lay the foundation for the possibility of probing the boundary between classical and quantum physics with arbitrarily large objects, even ones visible to the naked eye.”

Reference

Igor Marinković*, Andreas Wallucks*, Ralf Riedinger, Sungkun Hong, Markus Aspelmeyer, and Simon Gröblacher, An optomechanical Bell test, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 220404 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.220404

Synopsis in Physics: https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.220404

Article in Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant (Dutch only).